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ACC |
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Short for "accompaniment", i.e. one or several parts played by the Arranger.
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Aftertouch |
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A realtime control produced by pushing a key down further than the point at which the key's note sounds. Channel aftertouch affects all currently sounding notes; polyphonic aftertouch affects only the pressed note.
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AIFF |
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For "Apple Audio Interchange File Format." A commonly used type of disk file that contains audio, developed by Apple. Also called ".aif" files. The VA-7 and VA-76 can import such files and turn them into VariPhrases.
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Ambience |
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The resonating of the real or imaginary space in which a sound occurs.
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Amplitude |
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The technical term for a signal's volume or loudness.
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Arpeggiator |
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A device that plays a pre-programmed series of notes. An arpeggio can be any kind of musical phrase, including simulations of guitar strumming.
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Arranger |
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On a Roland keyboard, this term refers to a special, interactive sequencer that provides automatic accompaniments based on the chords you specify. The Arranger can play several kinds of accompaniments, which are called "Music Styles". Each Music Style consists of several pattern (divisions) that play an introduction, transitions, main accompaniment patterns, or an ending.
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Attack |
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A parameter that sets the speed at which an envelope or dynamics processor starts. With an envelope, Attack sets the speed at which the enveloped setting travels from 0 to its nominal value. In a dynamics processor, it sets the speed at which the processor starts working.
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Auto Punch |
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A feature on recording devices that automatically starts and stops recording for you when you're punching at locations you've set beforehand.
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Back up |
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To make a copy of data and to store the copy on an external medium -- such as a FD, ZIP disk, or CD-R disk -- for safekeeping. This copy is called a "backup." Backing up is extremely important to safeguard against unexpected events. To play or work on a song or project that's been backed up, it must be "recovered."
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Balanced |
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A type of audio connection that uses the three leads in a cable, connector and jack as part of a phase-cancellation scheme to boost signal and reduce noise.
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Band Orchestrator |
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A function for varying the accompaniment patterns by leaving out certain parts (or adding more parts) to the selected division. Such changes are usually preset by Roland.
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Bank |
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In MIDI instruments, a group of patches. Each bank can contain up to 128 patches (or sounds), numbered from 0-127 or 1-128.
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Bank Select |
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A type of MIDI message that typically corresponds to a specific bank of patches. When an instrument receives a Bank Select message, the corresponding patch bank is selected. Typically, a Bank Select message is followed by a Program Change message that selects a patch within the bank. A Bank Select message may contain two components, an MSB ("Most Significant Byte") and/or an LSB ("Least Significant Byte") value.
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Bass |
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The lower frequency range of a sound, usually from about 200 Hz down.
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Bass Inversion |
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See "Leading Bass".
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Bend range |
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The maximum pitch change that can be applied by moving a pitch bend control.
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Break Mute |
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A function that allows you to temporarily stop the Arranger until the next downbeat, (which is called a "break"). The most famous song where this is used is called "Great Balls of Fire".
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Bulk dump |
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The transmission of settings from one MIDI device to another (using SysEx data). Such data can also be transmitted to devices that do not understand them, but can save them (sequencers, data filers, workstations).
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Burn |
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Burn is music industry slang for writing data onto a CD.
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Button |
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The term used in the owner's manuals for the keys on the front panels that are used to select and set parameters/functions.
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CC number (Control Change Number) |
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A numbered MIDI message that is often assigned to a particular parameter (CC01= modulation, CC07= volume). A MIDI Control Change number is followed by a value that sets the parameter in the MIDI device that receives it.
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Chord recognition area |
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The range of notes or keys that are scanned by the Arranger to decide in what key the selected Music Style should sound. This is a real-time process: whenever you play different notes in the chord recognition area, the key of the currently selected Music Style division changes instantly.
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Chorus |
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An effect in which multiple copies of a signal are played together slightly out of time to create a shimmering effect.
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Coarse tune |
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The adjustment of pitch in semitone steps.
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Compressor |
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A dynamics processor that reduces the level of any signal exceeding a specified threshold volume.
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Condenser Microphone |
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A type of high-quality mic that requires power.
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COSM |
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An abbreviation for Roland's "Composite Object Sound Modeling" technology that shapes audio by applying the sonic characteristics of popular or classic microphones, guitars, guitar amplifiers and studio reference speakers.
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Cover |
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A set of settings on a Roland keyboard that change the sounds and effects of a Standard MIDI File or Music Style at the touch of a button (called "Stylist" on the E-200 and E-100).
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CPT |
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"Clock pulse time". Refers to the subdivisions of a bar on a MIDI sequencer (i.e. all four beats of a 4/4 measure).
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Cutoff |
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The frequency at which a filter starts to work.
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D-Beam |
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A realtime controller found on many Roland instruments. You can manipulate or trigger sounds by moving your hand above the D-Beam.
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Damper Pedal |
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Pedal that, when pressed, causes sustaining notes to continue to play until the pedal is released.
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Decay |
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In a traditional envelope, the time it takes for the enveloped setting to reach its sustain level after the Attack envelope stage.
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Delay |
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An effect in which a copy of a signal is played back later than the original and usually also repeated.
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Digital music file |
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Music that is digitally recorded as a computer file. Common types of digital music files are .mid files -- the smallest and only really interactive type, also called a "Standard MIDI Files" -- .wav files -- very large, medium-resolution files, and MP3 files -- a highly compressed, high resolution file suitable for recording and playback
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Direct box (DI) |
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A mic-level box that converts a phone connector to an XLR connector.
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Distortion |
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Fuzz or roughness added to a sound.usually used in Rock Guitar Sound
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Division |
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One of the patterns that make up a Music Style. "Intro", "Original", etc. are divisions.
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Drum Kit |
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A special Tone on Roland instruments that allows you to play different drum and percussion sounds by pressing different keys. You cannot play melodies with such a "Tone", because each key is assigned a different sound.
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Drum Set |
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A special Tone on Roland instruments that allows you to play different drum and percussion sounds by pressing different keys. You cannot play melodies with such a "Tone", because each key is assigned a different sound. This used to be the official Roland term. Nowadays, "Drum Kit" is also used (other manufacturers have always used "Drum Kit").
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Dry |
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A signal to which an effect has not been added.
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DSP |
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For "digital signal processing," the means by which digital audio is mixed, filtered, equalized, or by which effects are added.
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Dynamics |
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Volume changes that occur in audio.
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Echo |
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A delay-based effect in which copies of a signal are heard trailing off to silence; similar to shouting from a mountaintop and hearing your voice repeat.
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Effects |
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Any of a variety of audio processes that can be applied to a signal to modify it, including reverb, delay, flanging, phasing.
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Encode |
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The process by which sampled audio is prepared for VariPhrase manipulation.
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Envelope |
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A device that changes a basic setting by the desired amount at specified time intervals. Envelopes are commonly used to alter basic waveform pitch settings, as well as basic TVF and TVA settings.
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EQ |
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The process of altering the levels of frequencies that comprise a signal. Also called "equalization."
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Equal temperament |
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Standard Western tuning that divides each octave into twelve mathematically equal parts.
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Equalizer |
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A device that boost or cuts the volume of specific frequencies in a signal.
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Expander |
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A device that reduces the level of a signal when it falls below a specified threshold to exaggerate its dynamic range.
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Expansion board |
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An optional circuit board that can be installed in a device to add additional sounds or effect processing.
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Fade In |
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A change in level over time, increasing upward from silence.
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Fade Out |
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A change in level over time falling gradually to silence.
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Fader |
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A slider-type device used for the precise manipulation of levels. In some devices, can also be used for the setting of parameter values.
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Feedback |
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The delaying of a delay so that multiple images of the original signal are heard; also, the loud squeal that's heard when a channel is receiving its own output.
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Fill-In |
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A Music Style pattern (also called "division") whose arrangement announces a change to the song structure, i.e. a transition. On Roland's arranger keyboards, Fill-Ins usually also select another division, and are therefore called "Fill-In To Original" and "Fill-In To Variation".
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Filter |
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A device that removes specified frequencies from a signal.
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Fine tune |
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The adjustment of pitch in the smallest of increments, typically 100ths of a semitone, or "cents."
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Flanger |
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An effect that generates a swirling sound by adding a slightly delayed copy of the signal in which the copy's delay time fluctuates.
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Flash Memory |
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A special memory whose contents can be changed either by hand or via a special data file.
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Formant |
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Harmonic content of a sound that determine the sound's character, especially important in human vocal sounds, where formants are produced by mouth shape and vocal cord length.
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FX |
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Abbreviation for "effects."
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Gain |
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Another term for level.
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General MIDI |
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General MIDI -- or "GM" -- is a music industry standard ratified in 1991. It established a set of 128 synth, orchestral and percussion sounds so that GM files and Standard MIDI Files play back on any GM-compatible instrument with predictable results.
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General MIDI 2 |
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General MIDI 2 -- or "GM2" -- is an update to the General MIDI standard. It was ratified in 1991. GM2 was adopted by Roland and Yamaha to extend the set of GM sounds, expressive musical parameters and other features in order to provide for more consistent playback of GM2-compliant files on different instruments.
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GM, GM2 |
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Abbreviation for "General MIDI" and "General MIDI 2," respectively.
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GS |
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Roland's extension of General MIDI. GS adds features such as chorus, reverb and panning for more realistic sound, and expands beyond the original 128 sounds of General MIDI to 16,000-plus sounds. This open-ended convention has been licensed by Apple for QuickTime 3.0, 4.0 & 5.0, by Microsoft for their GS synthesizer, and by Nintendo for their sound applications.
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Hard drive |
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A device that uses magnetism to store data on a rigid platter mounted inside its case.
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Hold pedal |
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Pedal that, when pressed, causes sustaining notes to continue to play until the pedal is released.
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i-format |
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Music data file format used on MT, KR, HP-G, AT- and V-MT-series products. Files created on any of these instruments are cross-compatible. The Visual MT (V-MT1) can convert any i-format song into the Standard MIDI File (SMF) format.
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Input |
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A jack that receives audio.
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Input level |
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The level of signal coming into an input jack or input channel.
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Intro |
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One of he accompaniment patterns played by the Arranger. Though most people usually use this pattern at the beginning of a song, you can also use it elswhere.
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Keyboard part |
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One sound "unit" you can use for playing live music. Most keyboards have at least two Keyboard parts.
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Keyboard Touch |
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Another word for "velocity sensitivity", i.e. the fact that the volume and timbre of the notes you play depend on how hard/fast you press the keys.
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LCD |
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For "Liquid Crystal Diode," a plasma-based display used in Professional equipment.
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Leading Bass |
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A function found on a keyboard that allows you to specify the notes played by the automatic bass accompaniment. When it's off, the Arranger uses the root notes of the chords you play. Also called "Bass Inversion".
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LED |
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For "Light Emitting Diode," a small, sometimes colored, light bulb.
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Level |
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A general term for volume or amplitude.
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LFO ("Low Frequency Oscillator") |
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An inaudible low-frequency waveform that alters a basic setting -- a waveform's pitch, a tone's filter or panning settings -- in a cyclic manner according to the shape of the LFO's waveform. An LFO is typically used as a means of adding vibrato, tremolo or auto-panning.
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Limiter |
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A compressor set to a ratio of 10:1 or greater. This has the effect of preventing all but the fastest signals from exceeding the threshold volume, thus forcing them into the desired level range.
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Line level |
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The high-level signal produced at the outputs of audio equipment such as synths, samplers, beatboxes, turntable preamps, CD players, mixers, recorders and playback devices.
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Local |
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A MIDI parameter that allows you to establish (On) or break (Off) the connection between an instrument's keyboard/arranger/sequencer and its internal sound source. This is possible, because everything you do on a keyboard (press keys, use the Bender/Modulation functionality, press a footswitch, etc.) is translated into MIDI messages, which are then transmitted to the internal tone generator (if Local is on) AND the MIDI OUT socket, or ONLY to the MIDI OUT socket (if Local is off).
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Loop |
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As a verb, the act of playing the same section over and over. As a noun, a chunk of audio that's played over and over. Also an effect routing that adds an effect to a signal by sending a copy of the signal to an effect, and mixing the effect's output with the original signal.
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Lower |
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One part you can play in realtime. If the keyboard is split, this part is assigned to the left half.
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LSB |
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For "Least Significant Byte." The LSB value is the second half of a full MIDI Bank Select message (the first half is the MSB value). Control Change Number 32 is the LSB Bank Select Control Change number.
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Lyrics |
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The words of a song that are contained in certain Standard MIDI Files and can appear in the display of certain keyboards in a karaoke fashion. Certain Roland arranger keyboards allow you to add the words (entered using a PC-based word processor) to Standard MIDI Files that do not yet contain them.
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M Bass, Manual Bass |
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On certain instruments, this is a part that allows you to play your own bass lines, which are usually based on the chords you play using the Lower part. Roland arranger keyboards also provide an "A. Bass/Accompaniment Bass" part that is controlled by the Music Style assigned to the Arranger.
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M Drums, Manual Drums |
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On certain instruments, this is a part that allows you to play various drums and percussion sounds by pressing different keys.
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Macro |
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A shortcut that performs a multi-step operation as a single action.
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Marker |
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A bookmark for a specific time location used by digital recorders or sequencers.
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Melody Intelligence |
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A function that adds one or several harmony notes to the melodies you play in the right half of the keyboard. The harmony notes can use different voicings (which depends on the selection you make for the Melody Intelligence function) and sometimes even another sound.
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Mic |
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A common nickname for "microphone."
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Mic level |
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The low-level signal produced by microphones and electric instruments such as electric guitar or bass.
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Microphone |
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A device that converts sound waves into audio signals.
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MIDI |
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For "Musical Instrument Digital Interface," the wiring and message protocol that allows musical instruments and other devices to communicate.
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MIDI clock |
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A form of MIDI-based synchronization that transmits a rhythmic pulse from one MIDI instrument to another to keep the devices synchronized.
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MIDI Connector |
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A five-pin DIN connector found at either end of a MIDI cable.
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Minus One |
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A function that allows you to switch off sequencer parts you want to play yourself. On most arranger keyboards, only one part can be muted in that way (hence the name). Other models allow you to switch off several parts. Some keyboards provide a special Link function that changes the Tone settings of the part you play based on the information stored for the track you muted. That way, changes to the sound can be automated.
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Mixer |
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A device in which audio signals can be manipulated, enhanced and directed to other destinations, singly or together; also, someone who operates a mixer. This term is used on some keyboards for adisplay page where you set these parameters.
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Mod wheel, Modulation wheel |
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A wheel located to the left of a keyboard that allows you to change parameter values in realtime.
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Mono |
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A single signal.
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MTC |
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For "MIDI Time Code," a form of SMPTE used for the timing synchronization of two or more MIDI devices.
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Music Assistant |
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A term that refers to special User Programs that are usually preset. Such settings are prepared for a specific song even though the Music Styles are mostly generic, and thus suitable for various songs).
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Music Style |
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A series of accompaniment patterns related to one "theme" (musical genre). You usually select the style (called "16-Beat", for example) and then the patterns ("divisions") it contains.
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Mute |
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As a noun, a switch that allows you to silence a channel's signal. As a verb, to silence an audio signal.
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NTA |
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Short for "Note-to-Arranger". This refers to the chord information the Arranger uses to decide in what key the selected Music Style should be played back. Roland arranger keyboards can receive such note messages from an external MIDI instrument, which has the same effect as pressing the corresponding keys in the note recognition area of the keyboard. Most Roland arranger keyboards do not transmit these NTA notes: they transmit the result of those notes (i.e. the Music Styles note messages played in the correct key).
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One Touch Program |
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A preset memory that assigns sounds and effects settings to the Realtime/Keyboard parts that match the mood/style of the selected Music Style.
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Optical connector |
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A connector that transmits digital data as light using fiber-optic technology.
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Original |
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One of the Music Style divisions that keeps playing until you select another division (Intro, Fill-In, Ending are played played once). The Original pattern's arrangement is usually simpler than the Variation's pattern.
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Oscillator |
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In a synth, internal hardware that generates sound.
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OTP |
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See "One Touch Program".
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Output |
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A jack that sends out a signal from a device.
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Panning |
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The left/right positioning of a signal within a stereo image.
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Parameter |
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A setting whose value can be changed.
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Parametric |
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A type of EQ that can be adjusted to boost or cut any frequency within its overall range; may also have a user-definable bandwidth.
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Part |
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On an arranger keyboard, this term refers to the "container" to which you can assign a tone and whose pitch, level, pan you can change.
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Part |
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An object within a performance or multitimbre that plays a patch. Each part has its own set of parameters, including MIDI channel, key range (or "zone"), and offsets to the selected patch's own settings.
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Patch |
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In a synth, a set of tones -- or partials in pre-JV/XP-Series synths -- along with parameters that determine their behavior. In recording, a temporary connection made between two audio devices, or within one. In the XV 5080, a multi-partial patch can contains up to 88 partials.
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Pattern |
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A short musical passage recorded as MIDI data..
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Peak |
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A sudden high-volume burst of signal.
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Performance Memory |
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A special memory where you can save the currently-used registration settings (sounds, volume levels, effects, etc.)
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Phone connector |
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A 1/4" connector used for the transmission of mic or line-level audio.
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Polyphony |
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The number of notes the keyboard or the sound module can simultaneously play.
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Portamento |
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An operating mode in which one note glides to the next.
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PPQN |
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"Pulse per quater notes". refers to the number of steps a sequencer provides between one beat of a bar and the next. The more there are, the more natural your MIDI recordings (sequences) will sound.
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Program Change |
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A type of MIDI message that corresponds to a specific patch. When an instrument receives a Program Change message, the corresponding patch is selected for use.
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Quantizing |
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A sequencer operation that corrects the timing of recorded MIDI data. Quantizing moves notes -- and other MIDI data if desired -- to the nearest gridline on a user-selected rhythm grid.
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RAM |
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For "Random Access Memory," the type of volatile memory used in a device for the storage of user data. If the device has battery-backed RAM, its contents are preserved at power-off. Otherwise, RAM memory is cleared when the device is turned off.
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RCA connector |
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Another name for a phono connector. (Also referred to as "cinch".)
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Realtime |
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A realtime process is one that occurs while you're recording or playing back without requiring you to stop either action since it takes place in "real time."
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Realtime part |
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One sound "unit" you can use for playing live music. Most keyboards have at least two Realtime parts.
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Reverb |
| |
An effect in which the ambience of a physical space is simulated -- a signal is copied many times, and the copies are heard one after another at decreasing levels, so closely together that they are not perceived as individual events.
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Revolving Bass |
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See "Leading Bass".
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Rhythm pattern |
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A musical passage that uses drum and percussion sounds.
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Ribbon controller |
| |
A strip across which you can drag your finger back and forth to manipulate a sound in realtime.
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ROM |
| |
For "Read-Only Memory," the type of memory in a device that can permanently store sounds and other data. The contents of ROM memory cannot be changed by a user.
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Sample |
| |
A recording of audio in a synth or sampler. In digital recording, one of thousands of recordings of audio captured each second.
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Sampler |
| |
An instrument that digitally records audio. Playback of the recording can be triggered using a keyboard, pads or other mechanisms.
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Save |
| |
A term used by Roland for describing the act of memorizing data and settings on floppy or Zip disk, SmartMedia card, or any other external storage media.
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Sequencer |
| |
A MIDI recorder that captures MIDI data and can play it back in realtime.
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SmartMedia |
| |
A small memory card that can store patch and/or other kinds of data.
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SMF |
| |
Short for "Standard MIDI File."
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SMF Library |
| |
The vast collection of interactive song files for keyboard instruction, instrumental and vocal accompaniments and contemporary and traditional church music. In addition, thousands of "play for fun" titles include lyrics and harmony for sing-alongs.
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Socket |
| |
A more specific term to designate the connector type into which you can insert a jack. The "socket" is the female connector, a "jack" (or "plug") its male counterpart.
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Sound module |
| |
A MIDI device whose sole purpose is to generate sounds. A sound module typically contains patches, and may contains its own effects as well.
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Split |
| |
A mixer with a separate section for controlling multitrack tape returns.
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Standard MIDI File (SMF) |
| |
A file that contains a MIDI recording of music in the Standard MIDI File format. Such as file can be played by any SMF-compatible sequencer or playback device. The most common SMF types are Type 0 files with multiple tracks combined into a single multi-channel track, and Type 1 files comprised of separate individual tracks.
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Stereo |
| |
A two-dimensional image created by two signals, each of which is assigned to one of a pair of speakers arranged left and right of each other.
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Stretch tuning |
| |
Traditional acoustic piano tuning that slightly sharpens the highest keys and slightly flattens the lowest keys for psychoacoustic purposes.
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Style |
| |
Short for "Music Style". It sometimes refers to the mode in which you can use the Arranger and Music Styles, as opposed to Song mode where you can play back Standard MIDI Files.
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Stylist |
| |
A set of settings on a Roland keyboard that change the sounds and effects of a Standard MIDI File or Music Style at the touch of a button.
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Sustain |
| |
In a traditional envelope, the level at which an enveloped setting remains after the Attack and Decay stages until the key is released.
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Sustain pedal |
| |
Pedal that, when pressed, causes sustaining notes to continue to play until the pedal is released.
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Sync Start |
| |
A function that allows you to start Arranger playback simply by pressing a few keys in the right half of the keyboard. When this function is off, Arranger playback needs to be started by pressing the START/STOP button (or an optional footswitch).
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Synth, Synthesizer |
| |
An instrument that synthesizes new sounds from raw audio materials such as waveforms. A synth may also generate its own completely original sounds using oscillators.
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SysEx, System Exclusive |
| |
A type of MIDI message that contains instructions that can be understood only by a specific MIDI device identified by manufacturer, model and SysEx ID number.
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Tap Tempo |
| |
The possibility to set the tempo by repeatedly pressing a button at the desired speed.
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Tempo |
| |
Synonym for speed or rate.
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Term |
| |
Explanation
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Tone |
| |
On an arranger keyboard or digital piano, this term refers to a sound you can select (i.e. a piano tone, a clarinet tone, etc.)
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Track |
| |
A stream of recorded audio data.
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Transpose |
| |
A function that allows you to play in one key, while hearing the notes in a different key.
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Treble |
| |
The higher frequencies in a signal.
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Tremolo |
| |
A rhythmic fluctuation in level.
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Unbalanced |
| |
A type of connection that utilizes only two of the leads -- the high and ground -- of a cable, connector and jack.
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Upper |
| |
One part you can play in realtime. If the keyboard is split, this part is assigned to the right half.
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|
USB MIDI interface |
| |
An interface for connecting a MIDI device to a computer using a USB (Universal Serial Bus) connector. The industry-standard USB cable is convenient for users who frequently change between Mac and PC platforms.
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User Program |
| |
A special memory where you can save the currently-used registration settings (sounds, volume levels, effects, etc.)
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User Styles |
| |
Music Styles you can program yourself. Like sequences, you can modify existing Music Styles by changing or redoing only certain parts, or program everything yourself. Certain keyboards also provide a function that can turn short Standard MIDI File passages into interactive accompaniments.
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V-Link |
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A concept developed by Roland that allows you to use MIDI messages for controlling video. This requires an external video processor (like the models manufactured by Edirol). Without that additional device, V-Link is meaningless.
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Variation |
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One of the Music Style divisions that keeps playing until you select another division (Intro, Fill-In, Ending are played played once). The Original pattern's arrangement is usually more complex than the Original's pattern.
This term is also used for sounds (or Tones) that are considered alternatives for the "main" sounds of an instrument.
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VariPhrase |
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Roland sampling technology that allows you to manipulate sampled audio in realtime. VariPhrase allows you to change the pitch, tempo, formant content and groove of encoded sampled audio.
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Velocity |
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A realtime controller based on the force with which a MIDI device's keys or (pads, etc.) are struck.
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Velocity Sensitivity |
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The amount by which changes in velocity affect a tone or patch.
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Vibrato |
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A rhythmic fluctuation in pitch.
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Volume |
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A general term for a signal's loudness.
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WAV |
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A commonly used type of hard disk file that contains audio, developed by Microsoft. Also called ".wav" or "WAVE" files. There are many professionally recorded drum and other instrumental loops available as .wav files for use in song construction.
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Write |
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A term used by Roland to describe the fact that parameter and/or registration settings are memorized internally. Contras with "Save".
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